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Humpty dumpty is a children's nursery rhyme and the subject of one of Mother Goose's stories. The phrase "Humpty Dumpty" first appears in print as early as 1810, but the story was not collected by James Orchard Halliwell (and made popular by him) until 1884. The rhyme is thought to be an old European folk song that migrated to England and parts of Europe with some adaptations over time. Versions collected include: "Up on a Humpy Bridge" (Belgium), "Dumpling Dumps" (England), and "Burdalakus und sein Lämmlein" (Germany). The rhyme is usually told in the first person, it ends with the death of Humpty Dumpty, but there are several versions of this ending. The rhyme concerns a battle between an egg named after Humpty Dumpty and various other animals which then inhabit his shattered shell. The actual subject of the nursery rhyme is not clear, but the best known modern interpretation portrays it as a satire on class and privilege. After he falls off a wall, Humpty Dumpty's body parts are "glued" back together by various animals (a "cow", "dog", "goose", "horse", etc.). The rhyme is a favourite of many children, and has been used in a number of films. Its use among adults is largely restricted to the recitation by adults to children or as part of a medley of eminent verse, such as the "Punch and Judy" episode. Two early published versions have been suggested: one from 1806 in the "New York Mirror" from an uncredited author, another from an edition of Mother Goose's Melodies titled "Humpty Dumpty" published circa 1810. In 1837 Edward Lear published a poem called "The History of Humpty-Dumpty". Henry Livingston Jr. published an illustrated children's book "Humpty Dumpty, or the King of all the Animals" in 1858. In his "Mother Goose", published in 1872, James Orchard Halliwell used a rhyming version of the nursery rhyme titled 'The Battle of Humpty Dumpty'. The phrase entered the English language permanently when it was used by a bookseller named John Appleby in a publication titled "Mother Goose's Melody". In 1860, Christopher Ricks compiled a collection that contained other nursery rhymes from ancient texts, but summed up his work with this verse: In 1884 James Orchard Halliwell collected these verses and other childhood tales from various sources and published them. Halliwell believed his work would be of value to adults who wished to entertain children, and it quickly achieved great popularity. In 1915 Orton & Company published a compilation of the nursery rhyme complete with illustrations from Halliwell's book, titled "Humpty Dumpty" In the song, the rhyme ends with Humpty Dumpty's death scene. It has long been a tradition in British theatre that after a large cannon is fired in the fourth scene of William Shakespeare's play "Henry IV", a chorus will sing: "Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall." This theatrical tradition is often used in Shakespeare productions to remind actors not to fall off stage when playing Humpty Dumpty. cfa1e77820
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